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style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u653f\u5e9c\u5f15\u5bfc\u6027\u8d44\u91d1\u6700\u65e9\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e8e<span class=\"s2\">1 9 9 9 <\/span>\u5e74\u3002\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u6280\u578b\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u6295\u673a\u6784\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u51fa\u8bbe\u7acb\u521b\u65b0\u57fa\u91d1\u3002\u6b64\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c \u521b\u65b0\u57fa\u91d1\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u5f15\u5bfc\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0e\u62db\u6807\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u4ecd\u4ee5\u884c\u653f\u914d\u7f6e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u57fa\u91d1\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002<span class=\"s2\">2005 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c \u4e2d\u592e\u5341\u90e8\u59d4\u8054\u5408\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u521b\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u6682\u884c\u529e\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c 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style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\uff08 \u4e8c\uff09 \u6b64\u756a\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u201c \u5236\u5ea6\u5148\u884c\u201d\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4e0a\u5c42\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6539\u9769\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u7a81\u7834\u4e0e\u786e\u4fdd\u6539\u9769\u5e73\u7a33\u843d\u5730\u95f4\u5e73\u8861<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c \u5404\u7701\u3001\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u6295\u878d\u8d44\u6a21\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0\uff0c \u591a\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u53ca\u90e8\u95e8\u6388\u610f\u6216\u786e\u7acb\u5236\u5ea6\u6846\u67b6\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9881\u5e03\u5730\u65b9\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c \u4e8b\u524d\u786e\u5b9a\u672c\u5730\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u8bbe\u7acb\u3001\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u9000\u51fa\u3001\u6536\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u548c\u6743\u8d23\u5206\u5de5\uff0c \u786e\u4fdd\u5730\u65b9\u6539\u9769\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u636e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c<span class=\"s2\">2010<\/span>\u2014 <span class=\"s2\">2017<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u7586\u7b49\u5728\u5185<span class=\"s2\">30<\/span>\u4e2a\u7701\u7ea7\uff08<span class=\"s1\">\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a<\/span>\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\uff08<span class=\"s1\">\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u6fb3\u95e8\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u7b49\u56e0\u4f53\u5236\u5dee\u5f02\u672a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5728\u5185<\/span>\uff09\u5747\u7ed3\u5408\u672c\u5730\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u6d89\u53ca\u7701\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u7701\u5e02\u89c4\u5b9a\u968f\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u5316\u53ca\u65f6\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u65b9\u4e3a\u5438\u5f15\u66f4\u591a\u91d1\u878d\u8d44\u6e90\u670d\u52a1\u672c\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u63a8\u52a8\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\uff0c 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class=\"p3\">\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5b9a\u4f4d\u53ca\u53d1\u5c55\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u5730\u65b9\u6cbb\u7406\u601d\u8def\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u5ff5\u53ca\u98ce\u9669\u7ba1\u63a7\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u540c\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u5229\u6da6\u98ce\u9669\u5206\u914d\u673a\u5236\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u8d44\u4ea7\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u7406\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u98ce\u9669\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u8c03\u63a7\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u5929\u6d25\u7b49\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u4e1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u7701\uff08<span class=\"s1\">\u5e02<\/span>\uff09 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class=\"p1\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5df2\u5e7f\u4e3a\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4ecd\u5904\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u63a2\u7d22\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u53c2\u5dee\u4e0d\u9f50\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba4\u77e5\u504f\u5dee\u3001\u4eba\u624d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u532e\u4e4f\u3001\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u98ce\u9669\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6784\u6210\u65b0\u6311\u6218\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5f53\u524d\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u627f\u8f7d\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u591a\u5143\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u6cdb\u5316\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6a21\u7cca\u800c\u504f\u79bb\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u9884\u671f\u6548\u679c<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u8bbe\u7acb\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\uff08<span class=\"s1\">\u5f15\u5bfc<\/span>\uff09\u57fa\u91d1\u6700\u521d\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u53d1\u6325\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fdb\u5165\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u6760\u6746\u7387\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u6295\u8d44\u8d44\u91d1\u4f9d\u65e7\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u9965\u6e34\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u9010\u6e10\u5c06\u5f15\u5bfc\u578b\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u6cdb\u5316\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u878d\u8d44\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u5730\u65b9\u5e73\u53f0\u503a\u52a1\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7531\u6b64\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u591a\u91cd\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u627f\u62c5\u65b0\u5174\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u5730\u533a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5347\u7ea7\u7b49\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u914d\u5408<span class=\"s2\">PPP<\/span>\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u516c\u5171\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u4f9b\u7ed9\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u5730\u65b9\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u57fa\u7840\u4e8b\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7b49\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u672c\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7b49\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76ee\u6807\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u6fc0\u52b1\u5bfc\u5411\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c \u8fd9\u662f\u9020\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u57fa\u91d1\u7ee9\u6548\u4e0d\u53ca\u9884\u671f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5904\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u7684\uff08\u57fa\u5c42\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd0\u8425\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u57fa\u91d1\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f9d\u5faa\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u8d44\u91d1\u5206\u914d\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u601d\u7ef4\u6613\u5f15\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u98ce\u9669<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u8fd9\u4e00\u8236\u6765\u54c1\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u63a2\u7d22\u671f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u8fb9\u5b66\u8fb9\u5e72\u201d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u65b9\u4f9d\u65e7\u4ee5\u65e0\u507f\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u72ec\u62c5\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u8def\u7ba1\u7406\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u3002\u5982\u4e3a\u5438\u5f15\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u4ee5\u52a3\u540e\u7ea7\u51fa\u73b0\u6216\u627f\u8bfa\u5230\u671f\u56de\u8d2d\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u2014\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u91d1\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u4e0e\u672c\u91d1\u3002\u52a3\u540e\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u516c\u53f8\u627f\u62c5\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u80a1\u6743\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u6784\u6210\u5e76\u5e94\u8ba1\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u6709\u8d1f\u503a\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u503a\u52a1\u7684\u6216\u6709\u5316\u548c\u9690\u533f\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u6295\u878d\u8d44\u6a21\u5f0f\u521b\u65b0\u4e5f\u5bf9\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u624b\u6bb5\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u53d1\u5c55\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c \u76d1\u7ba1\u624b\u6bb5\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f31\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u4ecd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f0f\u8bbe\u7acb\u57fa\u91d1\u3002\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u201c\u62e8\u6539\u6295\u201d\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u73b0\u6709\u5b58\u91cf\u8d22\u653f\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0a\u6536\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u7406\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u540e\u8fdb\u5730\u533a\u5bf9\u6210\u529f\u8005\u6548\u4eff\u591a\u9650\u4e8e\u7167\u642c\u7167\u6284\u5177\u4f53\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u6ce8\u6216\u65e0\u6687\u5173\u6ce8\u8bf8\u5982\u5236\u5ea6\u6784\u5efa\u3001\u73af\u5883\u8425\u9020\u7b49\u8f6f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6539\u5584\u4e0e\u4f18\u5316\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u8fdb\u884c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u5f80\u5f80\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ecf\u5f97\u8d77\u7ecf\u6d4e\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\uff08<span class=\"s1\">Josh Lerner\uff0c2009<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u6ede\u540e\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5236\u7ea6\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p1\">\u8d44\u91d1\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6e20\u9053\u6709\u9650\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e<span class=\"s1\">FOF<\/span>\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5438\u5f15\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u6765\u6e90\u76f8\u5bf9\u5355\u4e00\u3002\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u7b49\u957f\u671f\u8d44\u91d1\u56e0\u5b89\u5168\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5bf9\u80a1\u6743\u6295\u8d44\u8bbe\u6709\u8bf8\u591a\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u4fdd\u9669\u8d44\u91d1\u7981\u6b62\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u4e1a\u3001\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u7b49\u80a1\u6743\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u91d1\u56e0\u5206\u4e1a\u7ecf\u8425\u76d1\u7ba1\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u80a1\u6743\u6295\u8d44\u3002<span class=\"s1\">2 0 1 6 <\/span>\u5e74\u94f6\u76d1\u4f1a\u7b49\u4e09\u90e8\u59d4\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u94f6\u884c\u4e1a\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u52a0\u5927\u521b\u65b0\u529b\u5ea6\u5f00\u5c55\u79d1\u521b\u4f01\u4e1a\u6295\u8d37\u8054\u52a8\u8bd5\u70b9\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u300b\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u90e8\u5206\u94f6\u884c\u8d44\u91d1\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u4e3b\u521b\u65b0\u793a\u8303\u533a\u6d89\u53ca\u5927\u6570\u636e\u3001\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3001\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u3001\u82af\u7247\u548c\u7eb3\u7c73\u6280\u672f\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u65b0\u5174\u6218\u7565\u4ea7\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u5b9a\u5411\u8fdb\u884c\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u80a1\u6743\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u9010\u6b65\u653e\u5f00\u94f6\u884c\u80a1\u6743\u6295\u8d44\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u4e0e\u8bd5\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u94f6\u884c\u51fa\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u7a33\u5b9a\u6536\u76ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d44\u91d1\u671f\u9650\u5339\u914d\u98ce\u9669\u7b49\uff0c\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u51fa\u8d44\u65b9\u89d2\u8272\u6216\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d22\u52a1\u987e\u95ee\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u8df5\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u201c\u540c\u80a1\u540c\u916c\u201d\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u89c4\u907f\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u52a8\u7528\u8d44\u7ba1\u4ea7\u54c1\u7b49\u5141\u8bfa\u201c\u4fdd\u5e95\u6536\u76ca\u201d\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u5165\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u8f6f\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u4ea7\u54c1\u201c\u521a\u6027\u201d\u5151\u4ed8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u6210\u4e3a\u6216\u6709\u8d1f\u503a\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1<span class=\"s1\">2 0 1 8 <\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u8d44\u4ea7\u7ba1\u7406\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u89c1\u300b\u6253\u7834\u8d44\u7ba1\u4ea7\u54c1\u521a\u6027\u5151\u4ed8\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9632\u63a7\u4e86\u503a\u52a1\u98ce\u9669\uff0c \u4f46\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u4f1a\u51b2\u51fb\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u57fa\u91d1\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u57fa\u91d1\u672a\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u601d\u8def\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p1\">\uff08\u56db\uff09\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u532e\u4e4f\u53ca\u521b\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u521b\u4e1a\u8981\u7d20\u7980\u8d4b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u5f15\u5165\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u96be\u6613\u6709\u522b\uff0c\u6613\u5f15\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5747\u8861<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u57fa\u91d1\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u6295\u8d44\u76f8\u5173\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u532e\u4e4f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u90fd\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff08<span class=\"s2\">J o s h L e r n e r \uff0c 2 0 0 9<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u74f6\u9888\u969c\u788d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u533a\u53bf\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5c42\u9762\u66f4\u52a0\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u6709\u5173\u5b98\u5458\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\uff08<span class=\"s2\">\u6bcd\u57fa\u91d1<\/span>\uff09\u76d1\u7ba1\u8005\uff0c \u4e60\u60ef\u4f20\u7edf\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u8d22\u653f\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u8d44\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u8fd0\u4f5c\u548c\u76d1\u7ba1\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5176\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6709\u9650\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7ba1\u7406\u6784\u6210\u6311\u6218\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c \u53bf\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5bfb\u627e\u5339\u914d\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u5b50\u57fa\u91d1\u7ba1\u7406\u56e2\u961f\u4e5f\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u56fd\u5185<span class=\"s1\">VC\/ PE<\/span>\u673a\u6784\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b49\u91d1\u878d\u4e1a\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\u3002\u52a0\u4e4b\u533a\u53bf\u7ea7\u521b\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\u8f83\u5dee\uff0c\u6709\u524d\u666f\u9879\u76ee\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c \u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5347\u7ea7\u53d1\u5c55\u610f\u613f\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u6295\u5411\u9700\u6c42\u5bf9\u63a5\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\uff0c \u9879\u76ee\u843d\u5730\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u4fe1\u606f\u62ab\u9732\u95ee\u9898\u7ed9\u57fa\u91d1\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u540e\u7eed\u7ee9\u6548\u8bc4\u4ef7\u9020\u6210\u56f0\u96be<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u5f15\u5bfc\u57fa\u91d1\u591a\u91c7\u7528\u79c1\u52df\u57fa\u91d1\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5bf9\u6d89\u53ca\u98ce\u9669\u5206\u914d\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u53ca\u540e\u7eed\u6295\u8d44\u51b3\u7b56\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u7279\u5b9a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u57fa\u91d1\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3001\u9000\u51fa\u3001\u662f\u5426\u635f\u5931\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u9879\u9c9c\u6709\u62ab\u9732\u3002\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u4e86\u89e3\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u7ee9\u6548\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u9762\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u534f\u8c03\u57fa\u91d1\u56e0\u81ea\u8eab\u6218\u7565\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4fdd\u5bc6\uff0c\u540c\u56e0\u76d1\u7ba1\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8981\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u516c\u5f00\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e5f\u662f\u672a\u6765\u4e9f\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\uff08\u516d\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7ee9\u6548\u8bc4\u4ef7\u601d\u8def\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f\u9700\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\u5f53\u524d\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fd8\u5ef6\u7eed\u7740\u884c\u653f\u62e8\u6b3e\u3001\u8003\u6838\u7684\u601d\u8def\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u81ea\u8eab\u5c5e\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u4ee5\u521b\u6295\u5f15\u5bfc\u57fa\u91d1\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u521b\u4e1a\u6295\u8d44\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e0e\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u5e02\u573a\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u76db\u8870\u8d77\u4f0f\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u3002\u6295\u8d44\u5931\u8d25\u7387\u5728<span class=\"s1\">50% <\/span>\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u6295\u8d44\u5c24\u751a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4ee5\u57fa\u91d1\u56de\u62a5\u7387\u9ad8\u4e8e\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u7684\u8003\u6838\u8981\u6c42\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u4e00\u79cd\u84ec\u52c3\u7684\u521b\u4e1a\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u6295\u8d44\u6587\u5316\u9700\u8981\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c \u5bf9\u57fa\u91d1\u8fdb\u884c\u7ee9\u6548\u8003\u6838\u8981\u6c42\u77ed\u671f\u5feb\u901f\u56de\u62a5\u4e0d\u592a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff08<span class=\"s2\">J o s h L e r n e r \uff0c 2 0 0 9<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u9884\u7b97\u76d1\u7ba1\u4f9d\u7136\u9075\u5faa\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u5c06\u57fa\u91d1\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u201c\u5e38\u9752\u201d \u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6709\u6c89\u6dc0\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5bf9\u652f\u51fa\u8fdb\u5ea6\u4f9d\u636e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4f20\u7edf\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u8003\u8bc4\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u89c4\u7ae0\u6216\u8d44\u91d1\u4f7f\u7528\u8003\u6838\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5e74\u5ea6\u6295\u8d44\u652f\u51fa\u8fdb\u5ea6\u4e0e\u901f\u5ea6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ee9\u6548\u8003\u6838\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u8bba\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u662f\u5426\u5177\u5907\u57fa\u91d1\u8bbe\u7acb\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c \u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u8d28\u9879\u76ee\u4e0e\u4f18\u826f\u884c\u4e1a\u524d\u666f\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u81ea\u8eab\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\uff08\u4e03\uff09\u591a\u90e8\u95e8\u76d1\u7ba1\uff0c\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u6267\u6cd5\u96be\u5f62\u6210\u76d1\u7ba1\u5408\u529b<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p2\">\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u76d1\u7ba1\u6d89\u53ca\u53d1\u6539\u59d4\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u3001\u5ba1\u8ba1\u3001\u56fd\u8d44\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u76d1\u7ba1\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e1a\u52a1\u8303\u56f4\u91cd\u5408\u4ea4\u53c9\u65f6\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u52a0\u4ee5\u6574\u5408\u534f\u8c03\u6781\u6613\u8ba9\u57fa\u91d1\u76f8\u5173\u4e3b\u4f53\u75b2\u4e8e\u5e94\u4ed8\u591a\u5934\u76d1\u7ba1\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5404\u76d1\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u878d\u8d44\u6a21\u5f0f\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u672c\u90e8\u95e8\u804c\u80fd\u4e89\u5148\u51fa\u53f0\u90e8\u95e8\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c 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style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p1\">\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u52a0\u5f3a\u76f8\u5173\u7acb\u6cd5\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c \u6784\u5efa\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u9884\u671f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p1\">\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c \u5305\u62ec\u7b26\u5408\u56fd\u60c5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u653f\u7b56\u6846\u67b6\uff0c \u91ca\u653e\u6e05\u6670\u4e0e\u6b63\u5411\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u5bfc\u5411\u5bf9\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u578b\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u9769\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u805a\u7126\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u5728\u63d0\u5021\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u5f3a\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u5927\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c 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class=\"p3\">\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u51c6\u786e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u5728\u521b\u65b0\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u5207\u5b9e\u53d1\u6325\u653f\u5e9c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u524d\u63d0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u8bbe\u7acb\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c \u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u6210\u529f\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u591a\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u6280\u8fdb\u6b65\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5347\u7ea7\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4e3b\u5bfc\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f02\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\uff08<span class=\"s1\">\u5730\u65b9<\/span>\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u878d\u8d44\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b9c\u6210\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6760\u6746\u7387\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\u5730\u65b9\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7b49\u516c\u5171\u6295\u8d44\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u53d7\u76ca\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u503a\u52a1\u548c\u4e13\u9879\u503a\u52a1\u7b49\u878d\u8d44\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b26\u5408\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u672c\u54c1\u4ee3\u9645\u516c\u5e73\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c 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style=\"text-indent:2em;\" class=\"p3\">\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6e20\u9053\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u6295\u8d44\u57fa\u91d1\u63a2\u7d22\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u5b9e\u73b0\u671f\u9650\u5339\u914d\u4e0e\u98ce\u9669\u5171\u62c5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5916\uff0c \u8bf8\u5982\u4fdd\u9669\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u9000\u4f11\u57fa\u91d1\u3001\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u6350\u8d60\u57fa\u91d1\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u529b\u96c4\u539a\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ecb\u610f\u5c06\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u5165\u5230\u957f\u671f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5957\u73b0\u4f46\u6536\u76ca\u53ef\u80fd\u4e30\u76db\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0a\uff08 <span class=\"s1\">J o s h L e r n e r \uff0c 2 0 0 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